There's Nothing Wrong With Saying "10 Items or Less": Descriptivism vs Prescriptivism
There are two main ways to think about language: prescriptive and descriptive. Prescriptive linguists believe there is a correct way to use language and try to enforce rules, like saying "fewer" instead of "less" for countable items. Descriptive linguists, on the other hand, observe how people actually use language and describe it without judging it as right or wrong. Most academic linguists are descriptivists. English is considered a "bastard language" because it has borrowed many words and grammar rules from various other languages due to historical invasions. Unlike many other major languages, English does not have an official academy that dictates its rules. The Oxford English Dictionary is descriptive, meaning it reflects how language is used by people, and changes as popular usage evolves. Therefore, if someone complains about a word or phrase, it might just mean the dictionary needs an update or their understanding of language is prescriptive rather than descriptive.
Key Vocabulary
To feel an intense sense of embarrassment, awkwardness, or discomfort, often in reaction to something that is perceived as inappropriate or poorly executed.
Examples:
- I cringe every time I hear that old commercial; it's so outdated.
- The actor's forced smile made the audience cringe.
- Watching the amateur performance, I couldn't help but cringe at the off-key singing.
To stop the progress or movement of something, often abruptly or definitively.
Examples:
- The construction crew decided to halt work due to the unexpected storm.
- Efforts to halt the spread of misinformation proved challenging.
- The sudden noise caused the conversation to halt for a moment.
A small, scattered amount or number of something, suggesting a light and uneven distribution.
Examples:
- There was a sprinkling of snow on the mountain peaks this morning.
- The chef added a sprinkling of herbs to garnish the dish.
- The presentation included a sprinkling of humor to keep the audience engaged.
Used informally to describe something that is irregular, mixed, or not pure in its origin or form.
Examples:
- The old car was a mechanical bastard, constantly needing repairs from various parts.
- He described the complex recipe as a culinary bastard, blending many different traditions.
- The building's architecture was a stylistic bastard, combining elements from several eras.
A person who is excessively concerned with minor details and rules or with displaying academic learning.
Examples:
- The history professor was a bit of a pedant, always correcting students on trivial dates.
- He was known as a pedant in the office, insisting on strict adherence to obscure grammar rules in emails.
- Her reputation as a pedant meant that every report she reviewed was scrutinized for the smallest error.
A solid medical preparation designed to be inserted into a body cavity, where it dissolves and releases medication.
Examples:
- The doctor prescribed a suppository for the patient's condition.
- The pharmacist explained how to properly administer the suppository.
- Certain medications are more effective when delivered via suppository.
Used informally to express contempt, disagreement, or a strong sense of nonsense.
Examples:
- That's a load of bollocks; I don't believe a word of it.
- He called the entire proposal bollocks, saying it was completely impractical.
- When she heard the absurd claim, her immediate reaction was, 'Bollocks!'
A person who studies linguistics, the scientific study of language and its structure.
Examples:
- The linguist analyzed the ancient text to understand its grammatical patterns.
- As a linguist, she was fascinated by how different cultures express similar concepts.
- Many linguists are involved in the development of language learning software.
To succeed in understanding, interpreting, or identifying something that is obscure or difficult to make out.
Examples:
- I struggled to decipher the doctor's handwriting on the prescription.
- The team worked for hours to decipher the coded message.
- It took a moment to decipher the meaning of his cryptic remark.
The ability to comprehend something; knowledge or perception of a particular situation or subject.
Examples:
- Achieving a deep understanding of the topic requires extensive research.
- Their understanding of the complex system was essential for the project's success.
- She showed great understanding when he explained his difficult situation.
Regarded with admiration or esteem; held in high regard.
Examples:
- The elder statesman was widely respected for his wisdom and integrity.
- She is a respected leader in her field, known for her innovative ideas.
- His opinions are always respected because of his vast experience.
A person or thing that receives or is awarded something.
Examples:
- The recipient of the award expressed gratitude in a heartfelt speech.
- Please ensure the package reaches the correct recipient.
- The email's intended recipient was out of the office that day.
To lay down as a rule or guide; to officially recommend a course of action or treatment.
Examples:
- The company's policy prescribes strict guidelines for data security.
- The doctor will prescribe medication to help manage the symptoms.
- The regulations prescribe the exact procedures for handling sensitive information.
The act of making something more modern or current, or providing the latest information.
Examples:
- The team is currently updating the software to include new features.
- She spends her evenings updating her knowledge of industry trends.
- The news channel is constantly updating its reports as new information comes in.
Praised or acclaimed as being excellent or noteworthy.
Examples:
- The new discovery was hailed as a breakthrough in medical science.
- Her performance in the play was hailed by critics as outstanding.
- The innovative design was hailed as a significant improvement over previous models.
Recognized, identified, or familiar; generally understood or accepted.
Examples:
- The artist is known for her vibrant use of color.
- It is a known fact that regular exercise improves health.
- He is known to be a very reliable person.
To make something happen or to make someone do something, often against their will or natural inclination.
Examples:
- The strong current began to force the boat off course.
- They tried to force a smile despite their disappointment.
- Circumstances might force us to reconsider our original plans.
Displaying kindness and concern for others; showing empathy and compassion.
Examples:
- She is known for her caring nature and always helps those in need.
- A good leader should possess strong decision-making skills and a caring attitude.
- His caring approach to patient treatment earned him much praise.
The purpose or intention; the goal or objective that one strives to achieve.
Examples:
- The aim of the project is to improve public transportation.
- Her main aim in life is to travel the world.
- The company's aim is to become a leader in sustainable energy.